1. 420 Science
2. 42 Cast
3. 426 Hemi

It seems that Douglas Adams was right after all: the answer to Life, the Universe and everything, is 42.

Cambridge astronomers have found that 42 is the value of an essential scientific constant - one which determines the age of the universe.

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In his novel The Hitch Hiker's Guide to the Galaxy (1979) Mr Adams describes how an alien race programs a computer called Deep Thought to provide the ultimate answer to 'Life, the Universe and Everything'. After seven and a half million years' calculation, back came the answer - 42.

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In slightly less time - two years- a team at the Cavendish Laboratory has managed the same feat, using a new technique to estimate the value of the 'Hubble Constant'. This measures how quickly objects in the universe are receding from each other - a natural outcome of the Big Bang that created the universe. Dr Richard Saunders, who led the research, sounded a trifle abashed by the result. 'We have taken two measurements for the constant, and the average of them is, well, it's 42,' he said. But he insisted this is 'entirely fortuitous' - though thousands of fans of the Hitch Hiker novels might disagree.

Mr Adams said yesterday that when he wrote the novel 20 years ago he chose the number especially for its bathetic nature: 'I wanted a nice, ordinary number, one that you wouldn't mind taking home and introducing to your parents.'

But later he realised that the choice was no accident: when he was working for John Cleese's film company, Video Arts, as a 'prop borrower', he and the other writers picked 42 for its amusing qualities as a punchline.

The Hubble Constant indicates the age of the universe because if we know how quickly everything is flying apart, we can work out how long ago it was all together at the same point - like working out how long a film has been running by measuring the film and knowing how many frames per second it shows.

Astronomers have bickered for decades about the constant's value, calculating it to be anywhere between 20 and 80. But large values imply that the universe is younger than its oldest stars - a logical conundrum which the new value avoids, said Dr Saunders, as it puts the universe's age at about 16 billion years.

The Cambridge team produced the measurement by combining data from X- ray telescopes with information about cosmic background radiation, leftover energy in space from Big Bang. Dr Saunders insists future revisions will alter the value of the constant from its present, resonant value. That would suit Mr Adams: 'It does come up awfully often,' he said.

42 is a private, nonprofit and tuition-free computer programming school created and funded by French billionaire Xavier Niel (founder of the telecommunication company Illiad) with several partners including Nicolas Sadirac (previous director-general of the Epitech school in France),^[1] Kwame Yamgnane and Florian Bucher (former executives of Epitech).^[2] The school was first opened in Paris in 2013.

Out of more than 80,000 candidates in France, 3,000^[3] were selected to complete a four-week intensive computer programming bootcamp called piscine (swimming-pool). Any person older than 18^[4] can register for the piscine after completing the logical reasoning tests on the website.

The school does not have any professors, does not issue any diploma or degree, and is open 24/7. The training is inspired by new modern ways to teach which include peer-to-peerpedagogy and project-based learning. The School has been endorsed by many high-profile people in Silicon Valley including Evan Spiegel the co-founder and CEO of Snapchat, Keyvon Beykpour the co-founder and CEO of Periscope, Stewart Butterfield the co-founder and CEO of Slack, Brian Chesky the co-founder and CEO of Airbnb, Tony Fadell the founder and CEO of Nest Labs, Jack Dorsey the co-Founder and CEO of Twitter, Paul Graham, venture capitalist and co-Founder of Y Combinator, Bill Gurleyventure capitalist and general partner at Benchmark.

The school is a non-profit organization and is entirely free, being funded by billionaire Xavier Niel with hundreds of millions of dollars. All the intellectual property belongs to the students.42 Silicon Valley is the American campus of 42 chartered as a public-benefit nonprofit corporation in the State of California and has been created and funded by the same team from France, in addition to a new partner, the chief operating officer of the American school and former 42 Paris student Brittany Bir.^[5] 42 Silicon Valley opened in summer 2016 in Fremont, California in the San Francisco Bay Area.

42's name is a reference to the science fiction book The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy written by British author Douglas Adams: in the book 42 is the Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything.

In addition to the two official campuses in Paris, France and Fremont, California, the school model was adopted in Lyon, Reims, and Mulhouse, France, as well as in Romania, South Africa, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Moldova,^[6]Belgium, Russia, Morocco, the Netherlands and Finland^[7] with the help and support of 42.

• 2Campus and Cost

History[edit]

Announced on March 26, 2013, 42 opened its doors on July 15, 2013 for the selection phase called La Piscine (the swimming-pool).

Students who passed the first 'Piscines' started training in November 2013.

In an Editorial,^[8] Xavier Niel introduced 42, linking the need for it to the state of the French Education.

'Today, the French system doesn't work. It is stuck between the first place University, which provides training that is not fitting with what the business world needs but is free and accessible to the largest number. Public universities on the other hand are highly selective and admit only people with scientific or techno-logic training/experience and finally Private universities are expensive and have a qualitative formation but do not encourage a number of different talents.'

On May 17, 2016 42 announced they will open a second campus in Fremont, California.^[9] The first selection phase (The 'Piscine') will start on July 11, 2016.

Students who passed the first 'Piscines' started training in November 2016.

Campus and Cost[edit]

Fremont Campus, USA[edit]

The 42 Silicon Valley location is located at 6600 Dumbarton Circle, in Fremont, California.^[10] The building was acquired from DeVry University. The campus is approximately 200,000 sq ft.

This campus has 300 spaces in the dormitories (titled 'Nostromo Dorms,' located at 34793 Ardentech Court, Fremont, CA 94555) which are completely free of cost.^[9] Like the Paris campus, 42 Silicon Valley was designed by AR architectures.^[11]

Paris Campus, France[edit]

42 France is located at 96 Boulevard Bessières, in the 17th arrondissement of Paris.^[12] The building was acquired from the State in 2011 for 12.6 million euros. The building extends over an area of 4242 square meters. Pictures of the school architecture are visible on the official website. 42 was designed by IN&EDIT Architecture agency.^[13]

Cost[edit]

There are no tuition fees for the entirety of the program. All the running costs for the 10 first years have been personally funded by Xavier Niel a French entrepreneur and philanthropist who founded the French company Iliad.^[14] The 42 Silicon Valley campus also has free dorms for those who are the most in need.

Application and Admission[edit]

The candidates must be 18 years or older.^[15] No previous diploma is required.

The selection process begins by taking a few online memory and logic tests, which are intended to evaluate an individual's capacity to learn computer programming.

After this there is a second selection which is called the 'Piscine' which is an intensive programming session in C programming language which takes place over a period of 4 weeks.

Tuition Style[edit]

42 does not have lectures or practical work supervised by teachers. Students carry out projects proposed by the pedagogic team, and are free to organise their own time.

The schools are open 24/7. Students help each other and use the Internet for their projects.

Students have no time limits in which to complete their projects. They validate the projects by correcting each other's work. Validation of a project increases the level of the students, allowing them to unlock new and more difficult challenges.

During their time at the school, students have to undertake internships. To qualify for an internship a student must have validated a certain number of projects and passed five exams.

Many entrepreneurs hold conferences at the school. 42 school has also forged partnerships with other schools (business schools, design schools etc.) and the hackathon organisation. Students are able to participate in partnership activities if they wish to.

Academics[edit]

After the 'Piscine', training lasts at least three years, and covers the different I.T. jobs linked to development.

The beginning of the program is mainly focused on the Unix development environment with the C-language. These software developments are planned through 40 projects such as the implementation of a basic First-person shooter engine, an engine for an online game and a 3D rendering engine (rasterizer) by ray tracing.

After that there are a lot of other languages students will see like PHP, C++, OCAML and many others. Some projects can also have free language choice.

According to a promotional document about the school program, learning software development is planned through the realization of an arcade game, artificial intelligence or a computer virus.

42 students and people from everywhere in the world can create a new project if they want.

Endorsement[edit]

Endorsement in the video for the introduction of the 42 Silicon Valley campus in Fremont, California:

• Evan Spiegel - Co-founder and CEO at Snapchat
• Leila Janah - Co-founder and CEO at Sama
• Keyvon Beykpour - Co-founder and CEO at Periscope
• Matt Cohler & Peter Fenton - General partner at Benchmark
• David Marcus - VP of messaging products at Facebook
• Blake Masters - President of the Thiel Foundation
• Alexa Scordato - Director of product marketing at Stack Overflow
• Stewart Butterfield - Co-founder and CEO at Slack
• Loic le Meur - Creator of Leade.rs
• Karlie Kloss - Founder of Kode with Klossy
• Tony Fadell - Founder of Nest
• Paul Graham - Founder of Y Combinator

420 Science

Personalities who came at a 42 Campus for a conference or a visit:

42 Cast

• The French President Emmanuel Macron
• American ambassadors to France Charles Rivkin and Jamie McCourt
• The former French President François Hollande
• Ministers from French Government : Myriam El-Khomri, Najat Vallaud-Belkacem, Laurent Fabius, Alain Juppé, Thierry Mandon and Patrick Kanner
• The mayor of ParisAnne Hidalgo
• Minister from Luxembourg Government : Nicolas Schmit
• Tony Fadell - Founder of Nest
• Charles F. Bolden - NASA administrator
• Richard Stallman - Creator of the free software movement
• Chris Cox - CPO at Facebook

Other schools (licensed - same program)[edit]

Other schools stress educational methodologies such as peer-learning, whereby students are encouraged to assist one-another and self-organize, and project-based learning which favors longer-term, open-ended assignments.

WeThinkCode^[16] (South Africa - created in 2016): WeThinkCode is a new kind of tech incubator dedicated to eliminate the IT skills gap. WeThinkCode's mission is to source and train Africa's future coding talent. Based on the 42 school programs.

ACADEMY+PLUS^[17] (Romania - created in 2014): ACADEMY + PLUS has a completely innovative approach on education: working on projects, peer-learning, the results are measurable, it practically encourages teamwork.a two-year program. The curriculum structure and payment model largely resemble Make university's. Based on the 42 school programs.

ACADEMY+MOLDOVA^[18] (Moldova - created in 2016): Academy+Moldova is an alternative and free IT school, launched by Foundation IT Moldova in partnership with the Academy+Plus Cluj-Napoca and Ecole 42 Paris.

UNIT Factory^[19] (Kyiv, Ukraine - created in 2016): UNIT Factory is an innovative institution which was created as a joint project of Vasily Khmelnytsky's fund entitled as 'K.Fund' and 42 (school) which is supported by public institution 'Osvitoriya'.

Le 101^[20] (Lyon, France - created in 2017)

19^[21] (Brussels, Belgium - created in 2018)

CODAM^[22] (Amsterdam, The Netherlands - created in 2018): CODAM is the initiative of Corinne Vigreux, an entrepreneur who co–founded TomTom and has always been passionate about technology, innovation and social mobility. Codam builds on the pioneering work of Ecole 42 in Paris.

1337^[23] (Khouribga, Morocco - created in 2018 & Ben guerir, Morocco - created in 2019^[24][25]): 1337 was created as part of an educational partnership between OCP Group and Paris 42.^[26]

21^[27] (Moscow, Russia - created in 2018): School 21 is launched by Sberbank of Russia and currently accepting applications. Education is free and lasts from 1.5 to 4 years.^[28]

426 Hemi

Hive^[29] (Helsinki, Finland - created in 2019)

References[edit]

1. ^Camille Gévaudan (2013). ''42', v'là les geeks !'. ecrans (in French)..
2. ^Damien Leloup (2013). ''42', l'étrange école d'informatique de Xavier Niel'. lemonde (in French)..
3. ^'70 000 candidats au départ, 900 étudiants à l'arrivée'. Retrieved 2016-08-13.
4. ^'42 met fin à la limite d'âge à l'entrée'. 42. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
5. ^'Team 42 USA'.
6. ^French educational model to gamify IT education in Ukraine, Kyiv Post, May 19, 2016
7. ^1337, l'École qui veut former des génies du numérique, Le Monde, September 05, 2018
8. ^'L'édito de Xavier Niel'. 42 (in French). 2013. Archived from the original on 2014-07-03.
9. ^ ^ab'Press release'(PDF).
10. ^'Adress 42'.
11. ^'AR website'.
12. ^Olivier Viaggi (2013). 'Les locaux ultra design de l'école 42 de Xavier Niel'. universfreebox (in French).
13. ^'École 42' (in French).
14. ^Jacques Cheminat et Serge Leblal (2013). 'Free ouvre l'école 42 pour former au numérique'. lemondeinformatique (in French)..
15. ^'42 Silicon Valley Admissions'. Ecole 42 USA.
16. ^'WeThinkCode'. We Think Code.
17. ^'ACADEMY+PLUS'. Academy Plus.
18. ^'ACADEMY+PLUS Moldova'. Academy Plus Moldova. Archived from the original on 2016-07-15. Retrieved 2016-07-19.
19. ^'UNIT Factory'. UNIT Factory.
20. ^'The101'. The 101.
21. ^'19'. 19.
22. ^'Codam'. CODAM.
23. ^'1337'. 1337.
24. ^'New Campus'. twitter.com. 6 March 2019.
25. ^'CAMPUS BEN GUERIR'. 1337.ma. 6 March 2019.
26. ^'1337, dans les algorithmes d'une école pas comme les autres'. leseco.ma.
27. ^'21'. Школа 21 (School 21).
28. ^'7,000 applications submitted to Sberbank's School 21 in first week'. Sberbank.
29. ^'Hive'. Hive.

External links[edit]